Pleural effusion is a condition where excess fluid builds up in the pleural space around the lungs, often causing symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain and persistent cough.The London Clinic Lung Centre offers comprehensive care for pleural effusion. From accurate diagnostics to personalised treatment, our expert team provides dedicated support from the moment you get in touch.
Pleural effusion
Also known as: Fluid on the lung
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Pleural effusion consultation at The London Clinic
What is thymoma?
Thymomas are a type of thymic cancer that causes tumours to develop in your thymus gland (a gland between your lungs and behind your breastbone). It’s generally a slow-growing cancer with a low risk of metastasising (spreading to other body parts). However, it can become advanced and affect nearby organs like your lungs and heart.
Investigations for other health conditions usually pick up thymomas, which doctors frequently associate with autoimmune conditions. However, their symptoms can lead you to seek medical advice and, as a result, a thymoma diagnosis.
Treating thymomas often includes surgery, radiation or chemotherapy or a combination of the three when it’s advanced. Early detection is vital for increasing thymoma treatment’s effectiveness.
Thymoma symptoms
Generally, thymomas don’t cause symptoms in their early stages.
However, as they grow, they can cause symptoms like:
- Chest pain, pressure or discomfort – from the thymoma pressing on other parts of your chest
- A persistent, chronic cough or shortness of breath – due to compression of the lungs and airways
- Fatigue and muscle weakness – sometimes linked to autoimmune conditions commonly associated with thymomas
- Problems swallowing (dysphagia) – caused by compression in your airways and oesophagus
Thymoma treatment
There are four stages of thymoma:
- Stage 1 (localised) – a tiny tumour that’s only in your thymus gland
- Stage 2 (locally advanced) – large tumours that have grown beyond their original location but haven’t spread to other body parts
- Stage 3 (invasive) – an advanced thymoma that has spread to nearby lymph nodes, tissue and organs but not other body parts
- Stage 4 (metastatic) – the cancer has spread to further parts of your body
Treating thymoma depends on the tumour’s stage.
Treating stage 1 thymomas involves surgical removal, which can sometimes treat the disease. You’ll require no additional treatment if we can remove the tumour entirely. In some cases, minimally invasive or robot-assisted techniques can be used to support your recovery and minimise complications.
We can still treat stage 2 thymoma with surgical removal, but we may recommend radiation therapy if the tumour has affected nearby structures to minimise the risk of recurrence.
Treating stage 3 thymoma can involve surgery to remove the tumour and affected areas (if possible). Combined chemotherapy treatments may treat any remaining cancer in the body and prevent it from invading other parts.
Stage 4 thymoma is the most severe and widespread type. Treatment can involve:
- Chemotherapy to shrink tumours and destroy cancer cells
- Targeted therapies or immunotherapy to eradicate as many cancer cells as possible without harming healthy cells
- Repeated surgery, radiation or systemic treatment to stop recurrence
- Palliative radiation therapy to relieve the symptoms and improve your quality of life
A comprehensive team of specialists guides our treatment plans to enhance outcomes and provide bespoke thymoma care.
Thymoma diagnosis
We take a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosing thymoma, ensuring you receive an accurate diagnosis and a personalised treatment plan.
First, we’ll assess your symptoms and discuss your medical history.
Afterwards, we may recommend diagnostic tests like a chest X-ray and a computerised tomography (CT) scan. These tests can identify any abnormal masses in your chest. A positron emission tomography (PET) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can help us determine the extent of the tumour and whether it’s affecting other structures and organs nearby.
We may take a biopsy of the tumour to confirm the diagnosis and differentiate it from other cancer types.
We take biopsies using methods like:
- CT-guided biopsy
- Mediastinoscopy
- Thoracoscopy
Sometimes, we perform a blood test to check for autoimmune conditions that may require additional care and support.
With our accurate diagnostics, you can receive a personalised treatment plan led by our multidisciplinary team.
What causes pleural effusion?
There are many potential causes of pleural effusion, with some people having more than one underlying factor. Once we determine which type of pleural effusion you have, we can usually identify the specific cause.
The most common causes of pleural effusion include:
- Heart failure – this is the most common cause of transudative pleural effusion, typically due to increased pressure in the blood vessels
- Infection – conditions like pneumonia can lead to exudative pleural effusion due to the inflammation they cause
- Cancer – if cancer cells spread between the pleural layers in your lungs, it can prompt your body to produce excessive fluid, leading to pleural effusion
- Pulmonary embolism – a blood clot that blocks blood flow to the pulmonary arteries, potentially leading to fluid build-up around the lungs
- Kidney or liver disease – these conditions can cause fluid to accumulate in the abdomen, which may then leak into the pleural space around the lungs
- Autoimmune disorders – inflammation caused by these disorders can affect the pleura, increasing the risk of fluid leaking into the pleural space
- Open-heart surgery – inflammation and diaphragm dysfunction caused by surgery can increase the risk of pleural effusion
Since the cause of thymoma isn’t entirely known, there’s no obvious way to prevent it. However, leading a healthy lifestyle and avoiding smoking may reduce your risk of thymomas and cancer generally.
It’s usual for thymoma treatment to make you tired and nauseous and potentially lose your hair (depending on the treatment type). However, the side effects are usually temporary.
Your treatment’s success rate will depend on factors like the thymoma stage and your overall health. Our team will discuss what you can expect with your treatment and outcome.
Why choose The London Clinic?
Trusted for over 90 years, The London Clinic is an independent charitable hospital that reinvests into care, research, and support for those who can’t easily access private treatment.
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